Growth prospects in the Middle East, North Africa, Afghanistan, and Pakistan (MENAAP) are improving, in line with global trends, but conflict, fragility, and displacement remain persistent challenges. Regional GDP is projected to grow by 2.8% in…
The finite nature of certain fossil fuels, which are essential inputs in production, imposes a substantial constraint on the economy's long-term growth potential. This paper develops an endogenous directed technical change model under uncertainty…
The European Union (EU) has long been Tunisia’s leading trade partner. Bilateral trade increased sharply after Tunisia and the EU signed an Association Agreement in 1995 aimed at creating a free trade area for goods, excluding agricultural and…