This article examines the relationship between transparency and legitimacy in investor–state dispute settlement (ISDS) jurisprudence, particularly in the context of Third-Party Funding (TPF). The initial section of the paper scrutinizes transparency…
The WTO Agreement on Agriculture (AoA) serves as the pivotal multilateral framework setting out the rules and principles governing agricultural trade. It contains detailed rules regarding domestic support, market access, and export subsidies in…
Several cross-cutting issues on trade and agriculture are emerging in discussions at various international forums, including the World Trade Organisation (WTO) and Bilateral trade agreements. The global agriculture landscape faces multifaceted…
Resolving the crisis in the dispute settlement system is a priority issue for the reform of the World Trade Organization (WTO), and Members have made sustained efforts in this regard. Since the Twelfth Ministerial Conference (MC12), discussions on…
The aim of this article is to analyze the degree of resilience of the Beninese economy in the face of the double shock of the border closure and the health crisis. The methodology adopted is both analytical and empirical. Data are drawn from…
International arbitration institutions have been requested to administer an increasing number of investment disputes. In investment arbitration, a responding state usually stipulates its standing offers to arbitrate in the bilateral investment…