This article examines the relationship between transparency and legitimacy in investor–state dispute settlement (ISDS) jurisprudence, particularly in the context of Third-Party Funding (TPF). The initial section of the paper scrutinizes transparency…
When we proxy trade finance by the sum of trade finance loans and export-adjusted notes receivable, elasticity estimates range between 0.18-0.31 depending on the sample of exporters. These estimates are comparable to single and multi-instrument…
Resolving the crisis in the dispute settlement system is a priority issue for the reform of the World Trade Organization (WTO), and Members have made sustained efforts in this regard. Since the Twelfth Ministerial Conference (MC12), discussions on…
At World Trade Organization (WTO), nothing is agreed until everything is agreed and until everyone agrees at the negotiating tables, and that ‘magic’ moment has been difficult to arrive at. Some WTO Members have argued that if all Members cannot…
International arbitration institutions have been requested to administer an increasing number of investment disputes. In investment arbitration, a responding state usually stipulates its standing offers to arbitrate in the bilateral investment…